Education

Topic: Theory of Learning, “Operant Conditioning'' Learning: What goes in the process of learning? How do we learn?  There are various theories which throw light on the phenomenon of learning. Each theory with its systematic body of knowledge explains the nature and process of learning. These theories represent broad principles and techniques of learning. These theories also put forth various methods of learning and suggest the teacher and learner to take proper steps for the effective learning. Modern learning theories maybe classified into two broad types, namely: A) Stimulus response- associationist type of learning theory. B) Gestalt field or field cognitive type of learning theory. A) S-R associationst type of theory interprets learning in terms of the change in behavior of the learner brought about by association of the response to a series of stimuli. The chief exponents of this type of theories are: I. Edward L. Thorndike: his idea and system is called “connect...

 Definition and Concept of Co-Curricular Activities  ijird journal: Definition; A co-curricular activity is defined as a program or out-of-class activity, supervised and/or financed by the school, which provides curriculum-related learning and character building experiences. Co-curricular activities are voluntary, are not part of the regular school curriculum, are not graded and do not earn credits. It is the intent of the School Committee by this policy to encourage academic effort and achievement by the students of the Portland Public Schools.  "Co-curricular activities" means activities conducted on or off school premises by clubs, associations, and organizations of pupils sponsored by the Board of Education; "co-curricular activities" also includes the pupil clubs, associations, and organizations that conduct those activities. "Co-curricular activities" does not include athletic competitions or practices or athletic teams or organizations.  Co-curricul...

 Student Assessment: Student assessment is one of the key issues in education. How do we know if students have learned what we are trying to teach them? There are multiple forms of assessment available. We believe that offering varied methods is the best model. You will find in the following documents some examples of different types of assessment, and how some MSU faculties have used them. You will also find resources and guides. Assessing student performance: Assessment can be based on writing an individual paper, preparing a group presentation, class participation, attendance, homework problem sets, exams (essay, short answer, multiple choice, true/false), and so on. Alternatively, when a student performs a task rather than taking a test, it is called performance assessment. Examples of performance assessment include: debating a topic; demonstrating a skill; conducting an experiment and writing the results; doing a project; or compiling a portfolio of work. Ideally the assessmen...

 Assessment of students achievements: Assessment is the process of observing a sample of a student’s behavior and drawing inferences about the student’s knowledge and abilities.When we are looking at students’ behavior, we typically only use a sample of classroom behavior. • Assessment instruments do not dictate the decisions to be made. • Teachers, administrators, government officials, parents, and even students interpret assessment                 results and make decisions based on the results. • Assessments are tools that allow us to make informed decisions about how best to help our                       students learn and achieve • Assessment interpretation can be abused. There types of assessment:  There are three main types of Assessment. • Summative Assessment • Interim Assessment • Formative Assessment Summative Assessment: Summative Assessment takes...

 CURRICLUM DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN 5.1 problems of curriculum development in Pakistan and suggestions for its improvement.  Falling education standard is one of the most favorite topics for discussion at our social gatherings. Everyone has his own views and experiences to narrate and ultimately, to lament and then recall the good old days when everything was at its best. It is a known fact that our educational standards are one the decline. We have progressed in quantitative expansion but gone backward qualitatively, in the government policies there are planning and recommendations for the revolutionary steps but the progress in negligible. We have innovative ideas but unable to implement any positive change effectively. That is why we could not achieve the desired goals. We have many leaders in education but most of them are without dedication to work. We have many schools, colleges and universities but they are working only to award certificates and degrees to the students w...

 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)|A Legacy of Exploration and Discovery The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, commonly referred to as NASA, has been the forefront of space exploration and scientific discovery for over six decades. Established on July 29, 1958, NASA was created in response to the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite. Since its inception, NASA has been responsible for some of the most significant achievements in the history of space exploration. Early Years: Mercury and Gemini Programs NASA's early years were marked by the Mercury program, which aimed to launch the first American astronauts into space. On May 5, 1961, NASA successfully launched astronaut Alan Shepard into space aboard the Freedom 7 spacecraft, making him the first American in space. The Mercury program paved the way for the Gemini program, which focused on developing the capabilities for a manned mission to the Moon. The...