by Sultan
The great educator of Islam, imam Ghazali was born in a time, when doubts were raised from various sides about Islam.
Imam Ghazali was born in 1059 AD near Tus in Khurasan, a part of the then Persia. These were the times, when Muslims were dominating Europe, Asia and Africa, due to the effect of new culture of these countries they were deviating from the true teachings of Islam. Imam Ghazali came to the rescue them. We can say that, in one way he was responsible for the revival of Islam. He is also known as Hujjatul Islam.
Imam Ghazali mentions in his book Al-munqudeen –al- dalal, that he spent 38 years in the search of truth from place to place and studied different schools of thoughts of that time.
Because of his knowledge and study, he was offered the post of head of Nizamia School in Baghdad. This school was the center of attraction for scholars all over the world. But due to his curiosity and quest for knowledge, he resigned from this post after four years. He became the critic of that time Islam and he saw no difference between Christianity, Islam and Judaism.
Imam Ghazali ’s skepticism continues from another ten years, in which he wondered in many palaces including, Makkah, Yathrab and Syria. He also performed several pilgrimages to Makkah and once took an oath, while standing beside the stone of Abraham (Maqam-e-Ibrahim) in the Khana Kaaba. He swear that;
I will not go to the court of any king
I will not get any money from rulers
I will not indulge in any type of discussion with scholars.
Imam Ghazali died in 1111 Ad. He has written number of books including the “Revival of Islamic knowledge” (Ahya-e-uloom Islam) and “Incoherence of philosophy “ (Tahafat-ul-filasafa)
He provided rational basis for the Islamic beliefs and integrated Sufism and individual beliefs, to give a holistic picture of Islam in helping to reunite Muslims of the world. People criticize him for the lack of use of reason in Islam.
As an educator, he is the greatest and most influential educators of Islam and has great influence on the modern educational thoughts.
His educational philosophy based on his personal experience. the philosophy, which he formulated over a period of 10 years, resembles to the Philosophy of Plato. He used his personal experience and concluded the reasons, which he calls sixth sense, which can lead us to truth. Divine revelation (Ilham) is superior to reason but is endowed to only selected individuals called prophets (paighamber). The reason given to human beings also has limitations and can not acquire the absolute truth. Hence, it is obligatory for all human beings to obey the commandments send to us through [prophets from time to time.
It is very much clear that the educational ideas of Ghazali are deeply affected by his religious philosophy and research. He thinks that human mind is like a clean slate and the teacher can transform it with the passage of time. Plato and Aristotle also held similar views.
The importance of Knowledge:
According to Ghazali, knowledge can bring us closer to God as well as enhance worldly respect and position. Knowledge, according to him is not relative but has an entity in itself. It can raise the status of the individual, create self respect and take him to the highest position.
According to Ghazali, there are four categories of Knowledge;
Prophetic
Rulers
Philosophers/scholars
Preachers
1. Prophetic:
Prophets convey the message of God regardless of any discrimination and help to purify the inner self.
Ruler:
They use their authority, legislation and rules to train and guide the society.
Philosophers/scholars
Their knowledge benefits only selected individuals but for benefiting masses.
Preachers;
They are meant to fulfill the religious needs of the society and train outer and inner self. Their job is to promote knowledge, improve the life of people, and help them to acquire desirable ethics through education.
Ghazali divides knowledge into two types; eg
Useful or desirable knowledge
Useless or undesirable knowledge
1. Useful knowledge:
It is further divided into two
Farz-i-Ain: (Compulsory)
This knowledge is obligatory for all and contains the knowledge of Islam
Farz-i-Kafaya: (Optional)
This knowledge is optional and depends on the will of the individual. It is further divided into two;
Worldly knowledge
Religious knowledge
2. Useless Knowledge:
Although no knowledge is useless, it is not desirable if it can create an undesirable effect such as
If it harms somebody like magic etc
If the chance factor is involved like astrology etc
If it leads to thinking about God. Ghazali says that these matters should be left only to prophets and saints.
Aims of Education:
Ghazali based his aims of education on Islamic ideology. According to him, the major aim of education is that it is useful. The knowledge gained as a result of education should be useful both for individual and the society. It means that the aim of education is character building of individual so that it could differentiate between good and evil and avoids following the evil path.
Johnn Herbart proposed the same ideas about 700 year after the demise of Ghazali.
Psychological concepts of Ghazali:
Ghazali raises the basic question whether the human instinct is based on good or evil. He has presented his ideas in the light of Quran and Hadith. According to him good or evil are not physical and is not instinctual. Humans can be transformed by education and training. Rousseau expressed similar idea in 18th century.
Ghazali seems impressed by the Greek philosophers. According to Aristotle there are two types of creations in the world. i.e.
Perfect creation: These are perfected like moon , sun etc
Imperfect creations like seed of tree, which is imperfect in the sense that it has the ability to become a tree.
According to Ghazali, human beings are imperfect creatures and are similar to the seed. They have the ability and capacity to become perfect, only the suitable conditions are required. According to him, good character means good deeds.
Ghazali has given the following four ways in which deficiencies can be identified and removed.
Perfect teacher
Such teachers that have spiritual insight and knowledge and has the ability to analyze deficiencies of others
Close fiends:
We can identify our deficiencies with the help of our close friends
Foes:
We can know more about our deficiencies from our foes.
Self analysis:
Ghazali also stresses on self-analysis from time to time.
Curriculum:
Ghazali strongly criticizes the curriculum of his time. He raises the basic question of criteria for selection of subject matter for curriculum. He studied the various curriculum's in his times and reached the following conclusions:
More time is spent on religious education and worldly education is completely ignores
Worldly education is equally important
While teaching religious education , a great number of differences arise among the teachers, which result in mud slinging on each other
There is no. Prioritization and it is only left to the interest and opinions of the teachers to concentrate on certain subjects, while ignore others.
No place for character building in curriculum
Ghazali recommended that curriculum should be composed of obligatory ( ) And optional ( ) knowledge. It should be a combination of religion and worldly education.
Ghazali included industrial education, textile, agriculture, tailoring and hair cutting in the curriculum
This indicates that Ghazali ’s educational ideas are progressive.
Ghazali also stresses the acquisition of philosophy and logic
Methods of Teaching and Techniques:
Ghazali has recommended the following teaching methods and techniques, which are based on psychological principles. These methods and techniques are widely used and educators all over the world agrees with their usefulness.
Teaching lessons to be based on previous knowledge and experience of the students.
This helps to know the ability, knowledge and aptitude of the learner and helps to motivate students towards the lesson which is very important for the educational process. Johnn Herbart and Pestollozi recommended the same principle about 700 year after Ghazali
Simplifying the lesson:
Teachers should simplify the difficult concepts by stories, tales etc other wise his teaching will not be effective
Move from simple to complex.
This is a very important principle. Some teachers try to teach everything in the very start. This is very dangerous and can create very dull students.
Ghazali stresses that teachers should first teach simpler concepts and when the students are motivated towards lesson, then he can introduce complex concepts.
Western educators have also mentioned this principle.
Proper planning
Ghazali stresses the importance of planning and advises that teachers should do his preparation before teaching , for effective teaching.
affection:
The teachers should avoid the use of force . He should be like a father to his students and should use love and affection instead of corporal punishment. Use of force can lead to bad habits among students
Teacher and students should also have good social relationship
avoid double standards:
Teacher is like a guide to students. He should not be a hypocrite and should breed good qualities like, honesty, good etiquette, good moral character etc
abilities of students:
Ghazali stresses that while teaching the abilities of students should be kept in mind. Concepts, which are above the mental level of the students will not make the teaching effective.
Female education:
Ghazali ’s ideas about female education are different from modern day. He is only in favor of elementary education for women so that they could play their due role in society. He is not in favor of higher education for females. Rousseau has similar ideas.
Ghazali also stresses acquisition of home-related knowledge for women.
Physical education:
Ghazali has greatly stressed the physical education for children. He believes in old Greek axiom “ sound mind in sound body”
He suggests proper clothing for children so that they could develop and grow properly. He suggests avoid tight and fit clothing.
He also stresses the importance of good and simple, diet for good physical growth.
In short we can say that the contribution of Ghazali to education, what he said later reflected by western educators. That was actually originated in the times of Ghazali.
The great educator of Islam, imam Ghazali was born in a time, when doubts were raised from various sides about Islam.
Imam Ghazali was born in 1059 AD near Tus in Khurasan, a part of the then Persia. These were the times, when Muslims were dominating Europe, Asia and Africa, due to the effect of new culture of these countries they were deviating from the true teachings of Islam. Imam Ghazali came to the rescue them. We can say that, in one way he was responsible for the revival of Islam. He is also known as Hujjatul Islam.
Imam Ghazali mentions in his book Al-munqudeen –al- dalal, that he spent 38 years in the search of truth from place to place and studied different schools of thoughts of that time.
Because of his knowledge and study, he was offered the post of head of Nizamia School in Baghdad. This school was the center of attraction for scholars all over the world. But due to his curiosity and quest for knowledge, he resigned from this post after four years. He became the critic of that time Islam and he saw no difference between Christianity, Islam and Judaism.
Imam Ghazali ’s skepticism continues from another ten years, in which he wondered in many palaces including, Makkah, Yathrab and Syria. He also performed several pilgrimages to Makkah and once took an oath, while standing beside the stone of Abraham (Maqam-e-Ibrahim) in the Khana Kaaba. He swear that;
I will not go to the court of any king
I will not get any money from rulers
I will not indulge in any type of discussion with scholars.
Imam Ghazali died in 1111 Ad. He has written number of books including the “Revival of Islamic knowledge” (Ahya-e-uloom Islam) and “Incoherence of philosophy “ (Tahafat-ul-filasafa)
He provided rational basis for the Islamic beliefs and integrated Sufism and individual beliefs, to give a holistic picture of Islam in helping to reunite Muslims of the world. People criticize him for the lack of use of reason in Islam.
As an educator, he is the greatest and most influential educators of Islam and has great influence on the modern educational thoughts.
His educational philosophy based on his personal experience. the philosophy, which he formulated over a period of 10 years, resembles to the Philosophy of Plato. He used his personal experience and concluded the reasons, which he calls sixth sense, which can lead us to truth. Divine revelation (Ilham) is superior to reason but is endowed to only selected individuals called prophets (paighamber). The reason given to human beings also has limitations and can not acquire the absolute truth. Hence, it is obligatory for all human beings to obey the commandments send to us through [prophets from time to time.
It is very much clear that the educational ideas of Ghazali are deeply affected by his religious philosophy and research. He thinks that human mind is like a clean slate and the teacher can transform it with the passage of time. Plato and Aristotle also held similar views.
The importance of Knowledge:
According to Ghazali, knowledge can bring us closer to God as well as enhance worldly respect and position. Knowledge, according to him is not relative but has an entity in itself. It can raise the status of the individual, create self respect and take him to the highest position.
According to Ghazali, there are four categories of Knowledge;
Prophetic
Rulers
Philosophers/scholars
Preachers
1. Prophetic:
Prophets convey the message of God regardless of any discrimination and help to purify the inner self.
Ruler:
They use their authority, legislation and rules to train and guide the society.
Philosophers/scholars
Their knowledge benefits only selected individuals but for benefiting masses.
Preachers;
They are meant to fulfill the religious needs of the society and train outer and inner self. Their job is to promote knowledge, improve the life of people, and help them to acquire desirable ethics through education.
Ghazali divides knowledge into two types; eg
Useful or desirable knowledge
Useless or undesirable knowledge
1. Useful knowledge:
It is further divided into two
Farz-i-Ain: (Compulsory)
This knowledge is obligatory for all and contains the knowledge of Islam
Farz-i-Kafaya: (Optional)
This knowledge is optional and depends on the will of the individual. It is further divided into two;
Worldly knowledge
Religious knowledge
2. Useless Knowledge:
Although no knowledge is useless, it is not desirable if it can create an undesirable effect such as
If it harms somebody like magic etc
If the chance factor is involved like astrology etc
If it leads to thinking about God. Ghazali says that these matters should be left only to prophets and saints.
Aims of Education:
Ghazali based his aims of education on Islamic ideology. According to him, the major aim of education is that it is useful. The knowledge gained as a result of education should be useful both for individual and the society. It means that the aim of education is character building of individual so that it could differentiate between good and evil and avoids following the evil path.
Johnn Herbart proposed the same ideas about 700 year after the demise of Ghazali.
Psychological concepts of Ghazali:
Ghazali raises the basic question whether the human instinct is based on good or evil. He has presented his ideas in the light of Quran and Hadith. According to him good or evil are not physical and is not instinctual. Humans can be transformed by education and training. Rousseau expressed similar idea in 18th century.
Ghazali seems impressed by the Greek philosophers. According to Aristotle there are two types of creations in the world. i.e.
Perfect creation: These are perfected like moon , sun etc
Imperfect creations like seed of tree, which is imperfect in the sense that it has the ability to become a tree.
According to Ghazali, human beings are imperfect creatures and are similar to the seed. They have the ability and capacity to become perfect, only the suitable conditions are required. According to him, good character means good deeds.
Ghazali has given the following four ways in which deficiencies can be identified and removed.
Perfect teacher
Such teachers that have spiritual insight and knowledge and has the ability to analyze deficiencies of others
Close fiends:
We can identify our deficiencies with the help of our close friends
Foes:
We can know more about our deficiencies from our foes.
Self analysis:
Ghazali also stresses on self-analysis from time to time.
Curriculum:
Ghazali strongly criticizes the curriculum of his time. He raises the basic question of criteria for selection of subject matter for curriculum. He studied the various curriculum's in his times and reached the following conclusions:
More time is spent on religious education and worldly education is completely ignores
Worldly education is equally important
While teaching religious education , a great number of differences arise among the teachers, which result in mud slinging on each other
There is no. Prioritization and it is only left to the interest and opinions of the teachers to concentrate on certain subjects, while ignore others.
No place for character building in curriculum
Ghazali recommended that curriculum should be composed of obligatory ( ) And optional ( ) knowledge. It should be a combination of religion and worldly education.
Ghazali included industrial education, textile, agriculture, tailoring and hair cutting in the curriculum
This indicates that Ghazali ’s educational ideas are progressive.
Ghazali also stresses the acquisition of philosophy and logic
Methods of Teaching and Techniques:
Ghazali has recommended the following teaching methods and techniques, which are based on psychological principles. These methods and techniques are widely used and educators all over the world agrees with their usefulness.
Teaching lessons to be based on previous knowledge and experience of the students.
This helps to know the ability, knowledge and aptitude of the learner and helps to motivate students towards the lesson which is very important for the educational process. Johnn Herbart and Pestollozi recommended the same principle about 700 year after Ghazali
Simplifying the lesson:
Teachers should simplify the difficult concepts by stories, tales etc other wise his teaching will not be effective
Move from simple to complex.
This is a very important principle. Some teachers try to teach everything in the very start. This is very dangerous and can create very dull students.
Ghazali stresses that teachers should first teach simpler concepts and when the students are motivated towards lesson, then he can introduce complex concepts.
Western educators have also mentioned this principle.
Proper planning
Ghazali stresses the importance of planning and advises that teachers should do his preparation before teaching , for effective teaching.
affection:
The teachers should avoid the use of force . He should be like a father to his students and should use love and affection instead of corporal punishment. Use of force can lead to bad habits among students
Teacher and students should also have good social relationship
avoid double standards:
Teacher is like a guide to students. He should not be a hypocrite and should breed good qualities like, honesty, good etiquette, good moral character etc
abilities of students:
Ghazali stresses that while teaching the abilities of students should be kept in mind. Concepts, which are above the mental level of the students will not make the teaching effective.
Female education:
Ghazali ’s ideas about female education are different from modern day. He is only in favor of elementary education for women so that they could play their due role in society. He is not in favor of higher education for females. Rousseau has similar ideas.
Ghazali also stresses acquisition of home-related knowledge for women.
Physical education:
Ghazali has greatly stressed the physical education for children. He believes in old Greek axiom “ sound mind in sound body”
He suggests proper clothing for children so that they could develop and grow properly. He suggests avoid tight and fit clothing.
He also stresses the importance of good and simple, diet for good physical growth.
In short we can say that the contribution of Ghazali to education, what he said later reflected by western educators. That was actually originated in the times of Ghazali.
Comments
i have read this article , outstanding article really, covering all aspects of Imam Ghazli.
really marvellous one!
thanks
Ammar Hassan Chishti
M.Phil Linguistics
O-LEVEL & A-LEVEL
MATHS, ENGLISH, LAW & PHYSICS
Since 1991 with Highly Undivided and Personalized Attention
IN RAWALPINDI ISLAMABAD
M SAJID
M.SC. (MATH), LL.B, B.ED
CELL: 0345 930 1606
wakeel1606@yahoo.com
ENTRY TEST COACHING
FOR CADET COLLEGES, NUST & PROFESSIONAL COLLEGES
ENGLISH & URDU (GRAMMAR & CREATIVE WRITING)
EXAMS PREPARATION TECHNIQUES, PARENTING, QUICK READING, EMPATHY, CALLIGRAPHY, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, MATH PHOBIA & SLOW LEARNING
Rizwan saeed
Mphil scholar
My Essay Writer is the go-to source for the completion of academic assignments. If you are screaming out Write my essay for me you’ve come to the most elite essay writing service.
Visit here For More...
I recently found your article and after reading fully i found its somehow related to mine topic also. I also have the similar kind of information. If you want more knowledge from the same topic please click following link
Top Cadet Colleges in Pakistan
Why Southwestern University Philippines
5 years of total Duration
3D simulator technological teaching
Experienced and Expert Doctors as faculty
More than 40% of the US returned Doctors
SWU training Hospital within the campus
More than 6000 bedded capacity for Internship
Final year (4th year of MD) compulsory Internship approved by MCI (No need to do an internship in India)
Vital service centers and commercial spaces
Own Hostel accommodations for local and foreign students
Safe, Secure, and lavish environment for vibrant student experience
All sports grounds including Cricket, Volleyball, and others available for students
https://withoutyourhead.com/profile.php?autoid=120028
http://www.globalvision2000.com/forum/member.php?action=profile&uid=600434
http://nerdforum.org/index.php?/user/10952-hrshikauproi/
https://www.lifeofpix.com/photographers/hrshikauproi/
https://www.party.biz/profile/103537
https://www.divephotoguide.com/user/hrshikauproi
https://wakelet.com/@hrshikauproi425
https://smotra.ru/users/hrshikauproi/
https://user.linkdata.org/user/hrshika_agnihotri/work
http://309645.homepagemodules.de/u54303_hrshikauproi.html
https://dreevoo.com/profile.php?pid=398345
https://www.gametabs.net/user/421925
https://defol.io/hrshika-agnihotr
https://forum.omz-software.com/user/hrshikauproi
https://www.trainsim.com/vbts/member.php?556986-hrshikauproi
https://www.designkit.org/profiles/379453
https://upverter.com/profile/hrshikauproi/
https://www.credly.com/users/hrshika-uproi/badges
https://www.cosplayisland.co.uk/overview/hrshikauproi
http://www.lawrence.com/users/hrshikauproi/
https://www.jalanforum.com/members/6724-hrshikauproi
https://www.stageit.com/hrshikauproi
https://freeicons.io/profile/236806
http://www.biblesupport.com/user/550606-hrshikauproi/
We offer a wide range of services to interested recruiting agents and institutions. We serve as a link between leading institutions and recruiting firms. Through our access, knowledge, platform, and services, we strive to improve the global quality of education. We are renowned in the international education management sector.
Through our access, knowledge, platform, and services, we strive to improve the global quality of education. Ease Study is a company that collaborates with educational institutions and recruitment agencies to bring education into the lives of many people.
India's and UK’s Fastest Growing Study Abroad Consultants
If anyone want to make assignment. They would contact with us
1 assignment PKR 100
1 topic 20 PKR
Thank you for sharing useful information with us.
An air hostess or cabin crew is also known as a flight attendant who manages all the safety and comfort of the passengers during the flight. The main responsibility of an air hostess is to guide the passengers during an onboard flight and they are also responsible for the functionality and all the safety equipment. The profession of Air hostess is seeking a great demand for students nowadays. The procedure for joining the Air hostess course is to complete the 12th with a repetitive grade and then after The Aptech learning official team will give the proper training to learners in both theoretical and practical knowledge. The Aptech Aviation team provides affordable air hostess course fees to learners. The team also provides courses in airport management and ground staff training skills because in this Era aviation captured a large market in every nation that's why they bring more job opportunities to learners with different sections and departments. The courses after 12th for air hostess are great and give immense communication skills and personality development to trainers.
For more details please visit our website : Aptech Janakpuri
Air hostess training details: Air hostess course typically covers a wide range of skills and knowledge required to provide quality customer service and ensure the safety and security of passengers during flights. Here are some common training details for becoming an air hostess:
Education: While there are no specific education requirements to become an air hostess, most airlines prefer candidates who have completed high school or equivalent. A degree in hospitality, tourism, or related fields can be an added advantage.
Language proficiency: Good communication skills are a must for air hostesses. Fluency in English and other languages, such as French, Spanish, or German, may be required, depending on the airline's routes.
Customer service: Air hostesses are expected to provide excellent customer service, which includes serving food and beverages, answering passengers' questions, and assisting them with their needs.
Safety and security: Air hostesses are responsible for ensuring that passengers follow safety regulations and procedures during the flight. They should be trained in handling emergency situations, such as evacuations and medical emergencies.
Personal grooming and deportment: Air hostesses are required to maintain a professional appearance and deportment at all times. They should be well-groomed and dressed in the airline's uniform.
Etiquette and cultural awareness: Air hostesses should have a good understanding of different cultures and customs to provide personalized service to passengers from various backgrounds.
Air hostess training can vary depending on the airline, but most training programs are comprehensive and cover all aspects of the job. The duration of the training can range from a few weeks to several months, depending on the airline's requirements. The training may consist of classroom instruction, simulated flights, and on-the-job training.
For more details please visit our website : Aptech Dwarka
Are you looking for an SEO service agency in Gurgaon
to help improve your website's search engine ranking? Then you are Connecting with the right service provider team.
Our team of SEO professionals has years of experience helping businesses in Gurgaon and beyond improve their online visibility and attract more customers. We use proven strategies to optimize your website for search engines, including keyword research, on-page optimization, and link building.
We realize that every business is different, so we give the best SEO solutions tailored to your specific needs and goals. Our team will work closely with you to develop a comprehensive SEO strategy for your budget and timeline.
For more details please Visit our Website: Asinfo
Asinfovision