Inductive Method And Deductive Approaches

Keywords;  Inductive Method And Deductive Approaches, Demerits of Inductive Method, Merits of Deductive Method, Demerits of Deductive Method, Inductive and Deductive Methods of Teaching Science,

Inductive Method And Deductive Approaches

 Inductive Method: Inductive method is an important procedure to prove a universal law. In this method, this is done by showing that if the law is true in a particular condition, then it will also prove to be true in other similar condition at any place of the world. This method proceeds from concrete to abstract and from a specific example to the universal law. As all the scientific principles and conclusions are result of induction, thus this method is considered to be one of the most important methods of teaching science. Merits of Inductive Method By making use of this method, following merits get accrue to the students as well as to teacher:

Merits of Inductive Method

A.       as this is a scientific method, thus it helps to considerable extent in developing scientific outlook among the students.

B.       This method helps to develop scientific attitude among the students.

C.   With the help of this method, teacher can develop qualities of critical thinking and habit of keen observation among the students properly and accurately.

D.    This is a very logical and psychological kind of teaching science.

E.   By this method, a very logical and psychological kind of teaching science. By this method, students get various opportunities to play an active role in learning process.

Demerits of Inductive Method This method has certain limitations, some of which are as follows:

 A.       The results or conclusions drawn from such method are not found to be final in case where the amount of data is very large in number

b.        All the topics of science cannot be dealt with this method properly

c.     This method can only be used when teacher have much time for teaching process. Deductive Method: This method is just opposite of Inductive method. Inthis method, facts are being deduced by application of established formula or experimentation. In this method, one proceed from general to particular principles, from unknown to known and from abstract to concrete facts.

Merits of Deductive Method This method has following merits:

a.    As students of lower classes are being provided with established scientific principles, thus this method can prove to be effective for them.

b.    This method is quite time saving as students are not required to analyses the universal principles.

c.   Teacher's duty or burden gets lessen to some extent by making use of this method as a result of which teachers find themselves in a comfortable and secured position.

d.   Through this method, a teacher can cover the lengthy syllabi of class in shortest period of time.

Demerits of Deductive Method This method suffers from following demerits:

a.       As the approach of this method is UN-conform and non-explanatory, because of which it is considered to be an unscientific method of teaching.

b.       Through this method, it becomes difficult for the teacher to develop scientific attitude among the students.

c.       As in this method, students do not get any opportunity toplay active role in learning process, thus, some experts consider it as UN psychological in nature. d. Rote memory is being encouraged by this method among the students as a result of which they do not become self-independent. When to Use: It can be said that on the basis of above discussion that it is not possible make use of these methods in isolation with each other. In reality, both of these methods are incomplete without the other. By combining these methods, education of science can be imparted to students of higher and

Inductive and Deductive Methods of Teaching Science

Inductive Method:

Inductive method is an important procedure to prove a universal law. In this method, this is done by showing that if the law is true in a particular condition, then it will also prove to be true in other similar condition at any place of the world. This method proceeds from concrete to abstract and from a specific example to the universal law.

As all the scientific principles and conclusions are result of induction, thus this method is considered to be one of the most important methods of teaching science.

Merits of Inductive Method

By making use of this method, following merits get accrue to the students as well as to teacher:

a.       As this is a scientific method, thus it helps to considerable extent in developing scientific outlook among the students.

b.       This method helps to develop scientific attitude among the students.

c.       With the help of this method, teacher can develop qualities of critical thinking and habit of keen observation among the students properly and accurately.

d.       This is a very logical and psychological kind of teaching science.

e.       By this method, students get various opportunities to play an active role in learning process.

Demerits of Inductive Method

This method has certain limitations, some of which are as follows:

a.       The results or conclusions drawn from such method are not found to be final in case where the amount of data is very large in number.

b.       All the topics of science cannot be dealt with this method properly.

c.       This method can only be used when teacher have much time for teaching process.

Deductive Method:

This method is just opposite of Inductive method. In this method, facts are being deduced by application of established formula or experimentation. In this method, one proceed from general to particular principles, from unknown to known and from abstract to concrete facts.

Merits of Deductive Method

This method has following merits:

a.         As students of lower classes are being provided with established scientific principles, thus this method can prove to be effective for them.

b.        This method is quite time saving as students are not required to analyses the universal principles.

c.         Teacher's duty or burden gets lessen to some extent by making use of this method as a result of which teachers find themselves in a comfortable and secured position.

d.        Through this method, a teacher can cover the lengthy syllabi of class in shortest period of time.

Demerits of Deduction Method

This method suffers from following demerits:

a.       As the approach of this method is UN-conform and non-explanatory, because of which it is considered to be an unscientific method of teaching.

b.       Through this method, it becomes difficult for the teacher to develop scientific attitude among the students.

c.       As in this method, students do not get any opportunity to play active role in learning process, thus, some experts consider it as un psychological in nature.

d.       Rote memory is being encouraged by this method among the students as a result of which they do not become self-independent.

When to Use:

It can be said that on the basis of above discussion that it is not possible make use of these methods in isolation with each other. In reality, both of these methods are incomplete without the other. By combining these methods, education of science can be imparted to students of higher and secondary levels.

B)        The inductive approach – the rule-discovery path

What are the advantages of encouraging learners to work rules out for themselves?

·        Rules learners discover for themselves are more likely to fit their existing mental structures than rules they have been presented with. This in turn will make the rules more meaningful, memorable, and serviceable.

·        The mental effort involved ensures a greater degree of cognitive depth which, again, ensures greater memorability.

·        Students are more actively involved in the learning process, rather than being simply passive recipients: they are therefore likely to be more attentive and more motivated.

·        It is an approach which favors pattern-recognition and problem-solving abilities which suggests that it is particularly suitable for learners who like this kind of challenge.

·        If the problem-solving is done collaboratively, and in the target language, learners get the opportunity for extra language practice.

·        Working things out for themselves prepares students for greater self-reliance and is therefore conducive to learner autonomy.

The disadvantages of an inductive approach include:

·        The time and energy spent in working out rules may mislead students into believing that rules are the objective of language learning, rather than a means.

·        The time taken to work out a rule may be at the expense of time spent in putting the rule to some sort of productive practice.

·        Students may hypothesis the wrong rule, or their version of the rule may be either too broad or too narrow in its application: this is especially a danger where there is no overt testing of their hypotheses, either through practice examples, or by eliciting an explicit statement of the rule.

·        It can place heavy demands on teachers in planning a lesson. They need to select and organise the data carefully so as to guide learners to an accurate formulation of the rule, while also ensuring the data is intelligible.

·        However carefully organized the data is, many language areas such as aspect and modality resist easy rule formulation.

·        An inductive approach frustrates students who, by dint of their personal learning style or their past learning experience (or both), would prefer simply to be told the rule.

Research findings into the relative benefits of deductive and inductive methods have been inconclusive. Short term gains for deductive learning have been found, and there is some evidence to suggest that some kinds of language items are better 'given than 'discovered'. Moreover, when sur­veyed, most learners tend to prefer deductive presentations of grammar. Nevertheless, once exposed to inductive approaches, there is often less resistance as the learners see the benefits of solving language problems themselves. Finally, the autonomy argument is not easily dismissed: the capacity to discern patterns and regularities in naturally occurring input would seem to be an invaluable tool for self-directed learning and one therefore that might usefully be developed in the classroom.

  

Examples:

	Example1: taken from “English in Situations” (O´Neill, OUP 1970 Generative situation: The teacher sets up a situation in order to “generate” several example sentences of a structure.
	Example 2: The principles of the guided discovery approach were originally intended for self-instruction as part of the kind of programmes which were used in language laboratories. They soon adopted for classroom use, and course books promoting an inductive approach to language learning are now more or less standard. An example of an inductive presentation of the present ample from New Wave 1 (Longman 19988) is shown on the left.
Teaching differences between past simple and present perfect (Teacher writes the following three sets of sentences on the board :) 1a I’ve seen all of Jim Jarmusch’s films.   B I saw his latest film last month. 2a Since 1990, she’s worked for three different newspapers.   B She worked for the Observer in 1996. 3a Have you ever been to Peru?   B When was you in Peru?	Example 3: Minimal sentence pairs By presenting two sentences that are only different in one or two particulars, the teacher is better able to focus the students’ attention on exactly how the choice of form determines a difference in meaning. The sentences should ·           be lexically simple ·           have fairly self-evident contexts As with all rule-explicit presentations, this approach demands a basic command of grammar terminology on the part of the learners. Hypotheses must be tested. That stage is essential in the presentation. It also shifts the focus back on to the learners.

The minimal pair approach is designed to overcome the lack of economy of the generative situation. By getting straight to the point, the minimal pair’s presentation combines the best features of an explanation-driven approach and a discovery approach. It is also relatively easy to plan and to set up. In terms of efficacy, it relies heavily on the choice of sample sentences. More problematic still is the lack of context, which can sometimes lead students to the wrong conclusions, or, more frustratingly, to no conclusion at all.

A         They’ve been painting the kitchen. B         They’ve painted the kitchen.

There is nothing to help students untangle the difference between these two sentences.

A       What a mess!”           “Yes, they’ve been painting the kitchen.” B       “The flat is looking nice.”           “Yes, they’ve painted the kitchen.”

Whereas, with slightly more context, the difference in meaning starts to take shape:

Example 4: Using concordance data

Concordance, text analysis and concordance software, is for anyone who needs to study texts closely or analyse language in depth. This is the most powerful and flexible software of its kind, with registered users in 52 countries.

With Concordance, you can

·        make indexes and word lists

·        count word frequencies

·        compare different usages of a word

·        analyse keywords

·        find phrases and idioms

·        publish to the web

·        ...and much more

Concordance is being used in

·        Language teaching and learning

·        Data mining and data clean-up

·        Literary and linguistic scholarship

·        Translation and language engineering

·        Corpus linguistics

·        Natural language software development

·        Lexicography

·        Content analysis in many disciplines including accountancy, history, marketing, musicology, politics, geography, and media studies

A concordance derives its power for analysis from the fact that it allows us to see every place in a text where a particular word is used, and so to detect patterns of usage and, again, to marshal evidence for an argument. Since words express ideas, themes and motifs, a concordance is highly useful in detecting patterns of meaning as well. The concordance focuses on word-forms, however -- not on what may be meant but what is actually said. It is an empirical tool of textual research. (You can use Corpus Concordance Sampler free at http://titania.cobuild.collins.co.uk/form.html)

Example: -ing form or infinitive after „remember

Francois de Menil, told me I                                remember                       feeling that Fred was like my

Lower in saturated fats - even so,                        remember                       to limit the amount of these you

Slipped me a two-shilling piece.  I                      remember                        going bright red and handing it to

Strong, strangely warm wind. I                            remember                        having experienced something

Service team. [p] [P] Please                                  remember                        to complete the Direct Debit

That of Tom's girl. Personally, I                           remember                        leaving the track team for the

Expensive heating being wasted.                       Remember                      turn your heating system off

Personally. [p] I find it hard to                           remember                        to take my Pill every day and I'm

Street, London E1 9BS.  [p]                                  Remember                     to state the systems you own and

All the drinks you have this week.                      Remember                     to include all your drinks, not

Sex that isn't available now. I can                       remember                        going to a dance hall and being

Take the casualty to hospital and                      remember                       to take with you any empty tablet

Mark, take colour photos of them.                      Remember                     to include an object, such as a

Travel Points, it is important to                           remember                       to put your card through the swipe

And if you are boarding your dog,                    remember                        to ask your vet about protection

We are hoping someone will                                remember                    seeing her. We are extremely concerned for

With a minimum amount of care. Just       remember        to let All Terrain shoes dry away

The famous are already there - just          remember    to add your family's and friends'

Don't you                                                         remember         asking me to fetch one?