Education

By Sultan Muhammad Administration is derived from Latin word ministiare which mean to serve, so administration mean to serve. In broad view it mean to support the people in an organisation to help them to achieve there goals. In other words it is the art of managing organisation resources and provides support to those who needed to achieve the aims and objective of organisation. s with stafIn organisation Administration is not the end, but it is to help the organization in implementation the plan to achieve the goals. With out good administration an excellent plan could end in Garbage, so as the money. As in the example of Pakistan , we can see that in planning and formulating the plan. And we produce excellent plans but we have not the skill or the will to implement them with the right sprit. While in the other hand other countries like Korea opt for our plans and they implemented with right sprit today they are role model in 3 rd world countries even for us. A good admi

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By Farzana Bukhari TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Definition of Neurophysiology and learning 2. Historical background 3. The nerve cell 4. Thy synapse........ All the or none principle.. 5. General structure of central nervous system ........ a. Parts of Brain............................. b. Four lobes of cerebral hemisphere............... c. Afferent and Efferent nerve tracts................... 6. Level of Arousal and the arousal system........... 7. Delays in nervous system and mediating process....... 8. Fatigue.................................. 9. The Autonomic nervous system............... 10. Neurological patents............................... 11. Consolidation of memory traces............. a. Types of memory with relation to time......... 12. Capacity, practice, motivation, understanding, transfer of learning and training, forgetting. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF LEARNING: Neuro Physiology. Neuro means nervous system, physiology means function. So neurophysiology means function of the nervous syste

BY Jehangir Shah 1. Introduction. The term gifted has been used traditionally to refer to people with intellectual gifts. Each culture defines giftedness in its own context. Ancient Greece honored the orators; Romans value the engineers and soldiers. In the united stated the early definition of giftedness was related to performance on the Stanford bidet intelligence scale. It was developed shortly after world war-I by Terman. According to him gifted children are those who are I.Q are 130 or 140. They would represent 2 or 3 % of the age group population. Stanford and other intelligence test showed that gifted children were developing more rapidly than their age mates. A child playing chess in not important but his playing chess seriously at age 5 is the matter of importance. Early rapid development is one of the clear indicators of high intellectual ability. One popular definition was proposed by the former U.S commissioner of education Sidney Marland in 1972, gifted and talented childr

by Sultan Muhammad Introduction Meaning and Historical background of Psychology: The word ‘Psychology’ is derived from Greek word Psycho and logos. Psycho’ means ‘Soul’ and ‘logos’ means ‘Science’, The Science of Soul. Psychology acquired separate status very recently. Formerly it was studied as a sub-branch of philosophy. Later on philosophers give another definition of psychology; the ‘science of mind’. All these definitions were given by philosophers-psychologists prior to the beginning of experimental psychology. Psychology as ‘Science of Behavior’ Today psychology is scientific methods of collecting data about individuals and groups to analyze and predict their behavior. Roots of Psychology The roots of Psychology could be traced back in philosophy and science. When physiologists of the late nineteenth century began to use scientific methods to study mind, later on Psychology became an independent scientific discipline. Scientific Roots of Psychology By nineteenth century, psychol

by Sultan Muhammad Functionalism is a theory of mind in contemporary philosophy, developed largely as an alternative to both the identity theory of mind and behaviourism. Its core idea is that mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role — that is, they are causal relations to other mental states, sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs. Since mental states are identified by a functional role, they are said to be realized on multiple levels; in other words, they are able to be manifested in various systems, even perhaps computers, so long as the system performs the appropriate functions. While functionalism has its advantages, there have been several arguments against it, claiming that it is an insufficient account of the mind. Functionalism formed as a reaction to Titchener theory of structuralism. Titchener argue that such a f